Document Type : Review Articles
Authors
1
Genetic engineering and biotechnology research institute, City for scientific research and technology application (SRTA city)
2
Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute GEBRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA city), New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt.
3
Department of Biology, College of Sciences and Arts - Rafha, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia.
4
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
6
Cellulose and paper department, chemical industrius devision, national research centre
Abstract
The expanding global population and industrial activities are driving an increasing demand for fossil fuel-based energy sources, threatening global energy reserves. This necessitates an urgent shift towards reliable energy alternatives that meet rising needs sustainably. Biofuels have emerged as a promising option, meeting environmental standards with zero carbon dioxide emissions. Bioethanol, an extensively studied biofuel, is already integrated into the energy market sector, primarily produced through fermenting edible crops like sugarcane and molasses, marking the first generation of bioethanol production. Economic and food security concerns are now prompting a shift towards second-generation bioethanol production, utilizing raw lignocellulosic materials. This transition offers a dual benefit by addressing waste materials production costs and environmental impacts. However, significant challenges hinder the widespread commercialization of bioethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks. Overcoming these obstacles requires holistic approaches that comprehensively address key challenges at every stage of bioethanol production, incorporating recent advancements in the field, as detailed in this review.
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