Clinical Applications of Laboratory Chemistry in Early Detection of Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders

Raja Aljehani, Mohammad; Mohammed  Terkustani, Wejdan; Oqla Alahmadi, Nouf; Hamad Abdulrahim Alamri, Manal; Abdulfttah Abulula, Nuha; Ahmed Alqarni, Khulud; Eid Ayedh Albishi, Shorooq; Osama Sager, Ghufran; Mansour Basaid, Bayan

doi:10.21608/ejchem.2025.389481.11825

Clinical Applications of Laboratory Chemistry in Early Detection of Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders

Document Type : Review Articles

Authors

¹ National Guard Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Laboratory Technician, Ministry of health, Saudi Arabia

² National Guard Health Affairs in Jeddah, Laboratory Technician, Ministry of health, Saudi Arabia

10.21608/ejchem.2025.389481.11825

Abstract

Background: Laboratory chemistry plays a critical role in identifying metabolic and endocrine disorders before clinical symptoms emerge. Early detection improves outcomes by enabling timely interventions and informed treatment plans.

Aim: This study explores how laboratory chemistry contributes to the early identification, monitoring, and management of metabolic and endocrine diseases using both routine and specialized diagnostic tests.

Methods: A narrative review was conducted using sources from peer-reviewed journals, laboratory medicine guidelines, and public health data. The review examined the role of standard biomarkers, hormone quantification, dynamic tests, and advanced biochemical profiling.

Results: Routine tests such as glucose, ketones, ammonia, and liver/renal panels help detect inborn errors of metabolism, organ dysfunction, and diabetes. Hormonal measurements of TSH, free T4, cortisol, insulin, and HbA1c support early diagnosis of thyroid disorders, adrenal syndromes, and diabetes. Dynamic testing protocols—like glucose tolerance and ACTH stimulation tests—further enhance diagnostic precision. Laboratory chemistry also facilitates risk assessment, treatment monitoring, and disease progression tracking.

Conclusion: Laboratory chemistry is essential in the early detection and clinical management of metabolic and endocrine disorders. Its ability to identify biochemical changes before the onset of disease symptoms improves prognosis and allows for targeted interventions. Continuous technological advances, such as automation and biomarker expansion, will strengthen its role in future healthcare strategies

Keywords

Main Subjects