Document Type : Review Articles
Authors
1
Northern Area Armed Forces Hospital, Ministry of defense, Saudi Arabia
2
Prince Sultan Air Base hospital, Ministry of defense, Saudi Arabia
3
Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Ministry of defense, Saudi Arabia
4
Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Ministry of defense, Saudi Arabia
5
Ministry of defense, Saudi Arabia
6
Elkharg region, Ministry of defense, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Background: Pain, as defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Despite ongoing debates about revising this definition, pain management remains a critical aspect of healthcare, with pharmacological agents categorized into nonopioid and opioid analgesics. Nonopioid agents, such as acetaminophen and NSAIDs, are used for mild to moderate pain, while opioids are reserved for severe pain due to their potent effects on the central nervous system. However, opioids carry significant risks, including addiction and adverse effects, necessitating careful monitoring and patient selection.
Aim: This review aims to provide an updated overview of pain mechanisms, biochemical pathways, and management strategies, focusing on the mechanisms of action, administration, adverse effects, contraindications, monitoring, and toxicity of nonopioid and opioid analgesic agents. It also emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to optimize patient outcomes.
Methods: The review synthesizes current evidence and guidelines on pain management, including the pharmacological properties, therapeutic uses, and risks associated with nonopioid and opioid analgesics. It also discusses the role of interprofessional collaboration in enhancing pain management outcomes.
Results: Nonopioid analgesics, such as acetaminophen, NSAIDs, antidepressants, and antiepileptics, are effective for mild to moderate pain and neuropathic conditions. Opioids, while effective for severe pain, pose risks of addiction, tolerance, and adverse effects, requiring careful patient monitoring. Multidisciplinary collaboration, including pharmacists, nurses, and mental health professionals, is essential for optimizing pain management and minimizing risks.
Conclusion: Pain management requires a tailored, evidence-based approach that balances efficacy and safety. Nonopioid agents are preferred for mild to moderate pain, while opioids should be used cautiously for severe pain. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and reducing the risks of misuse and addiction.
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