2024-03-29T16:55:16Z
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=5055
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
Dating The Ballpoint Pen Inks Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Technique
Mohamed
El-sabbah
Abdelaziz
Gomaa
Dalia
elhafny
Ahmed
Al-Hawary
The study of aging of valuable documents is asked by the Forensic Medicine in Egypt. Eight ballpoint pens; commonly used in Egypt were chosen for this study. The aging was studied kinetically by measuring the solvent concentration of 2-phenoxyethanol overtime by the GC-MS. The ink aging curves were plotted, using the solvent volatility ratio was an effective means of determining the chronological age of the ballpoint pen inks. Our technique was demonstrated by examining tow printed forms of the trust receipts. It was found that determining the ink date is valid and can be trusted. A simple equation is proposed that can be applied for the prediction of ink dating.
Ballpoint pen ink
questioned document
a valuable document
ink dating
ink aging
2-phenoxyethanol
GC-MS
2019
03
01
385
400
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_16876_c5302cfd92fc04ead038e04293fde911.pdf
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
Microwave Irradiation Synthesis and Breast Carcinoma of 6-ethoxy-2-(2-methoxy- benzylideneamino)benzothiazole and Its Metal Complexes
Ali M.
Hassan
Bassem H.
Heakal
Osama
Soliman
K.
Abdalla
Wael
Abo El-ata
Efficient and clean synthesis of Schiff base as a new ligand, 6-ethoxy-2-(2-methoxy benzylideneamino)benzothiazole has been synthesized in equimolar reaction of 2-amino-6-ethoxy-benzothiazole with 2-methoxy benzaldehyde using microwave technique. The prepared Schiff base was reacted with some transition metal ions Ni(II), Cu(II), Pd(II), Ag(I) and Au(III) in equimolar ratio (M:L, 1:1) using microwave technique. The stereochemistry and the bonding characteristics of the ligand and its complexes were achieved based on elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis., 1HNMR and ESR as well as Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The thermal dehydration and decomposition of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Ag(I) complexes were studied kinetically using the integral method applying the Coats–Redfern and Horowitz Metzger equations. The reactivity of ligand and its Au(III) complex were studied against breast carcinoma cell. The antimicrobial activity of ligand and its Ag(I) complex studied against the bacterial (positive and negative) grams and fungal strains.
Microwave synthesis
Breast cancer and Thermal analysis
2019
03
01
401
414
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_16874_3d09f1601e86b3e39e6879bad32ba0d7.pdf
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
High Exhaustion of Chrome Tan, Enhancement of Leather Properties and Reduction of Chrome Tanning Effluent Impact
Elshahat
Nashy
Kamal A.
Eid
THE LEATHER industry faces very challenging task because of the regulations enforced by the various pollution control bodies to maintain the discharged norms of the chemical in the treated water. From an environmental stand point, one of the most significant waste is the chromium species because it posses a serious disposal problem to human health and the environment. Therefore, chrome tan effluent is critically analyzed for the harmful effects due to the incomplete exhaustion of the hazardous chrome cations in tanning bath. The paper has focused on the challenges/impacts of chrome tanning effluent and evaluates the alternative treatment options. Reducing agents namely; sodium bisulphite (NaHSO3), sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) in connection with hydroxy carboxylic acids and /or basifying agents were used to enhance the exhaustion, fixation of chrome tan and shrinkage temperature as well as strength properties of the tanned leather. In addition, the leather quality is one of the important factors taking into consideration. The optimum conditions for exhaustion, fixation, shrinkage temperature as well as leather quality showed that both NaHSO3 and Na2S2O3 have a similar effect in connection with basic oxide of 1.5% magnesium oxide (most effective one) and the best modifying agent is tartaric acid (3%), temperature of 35ºC. The best results obtained are 93.51% exhaustion, 93.71% fixation and 121ºC shrinkage temperature in aqueous medium.The present work was devoted to change the primary condition of tanning process based on the modification of pelt to increase the high exhaustion of chrome tan which consequently, leads to lower the levels of unused chrome in the tanning effluent and minimized the deficit existing from the environmental point of view. The obtained results showed that, over 90% reduction of the chrome concentration in effluent and 80% reduction of the COD. The assessment was demonstrated that the modification process exhaust, and fixed of chrome tan, improve leather properties, reduced the environmental impact and at the same time saves energy and time than the traditional one. The leather industry faces very challenging task because of the regulations enforced by the various pollution control bodies to maintain the discharged norms of the chemical in the treated water. From an environmental stand point, one of the most significant waste is the chromium species because it posses a serious disposal problem to human health and the environment. Therefore, chrome tan effluent is critically analyzed for the harmful effects due to the incomplete exhaustion of the hazardous chrome cations in tanning bath. The paper has focused on the challenges/impacts of chrome tanning effluent and evaluates the alternative treatment options. Reducing agents namely; sodium bisulphite (NaHSO3), sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) in connection with hydroxy carboxylic acids and /or basifying agents were used to enhance the exhaustion, fixation of chrome tan and shrinkage temperature as well as strength properties of the tanned leather. In addition, the leather quality is one of the important factors taking into consideration. The optimum conditions for exhaustion, fixation, shrinkage temperature as well as leather quality showed that both NaHSO3 and Na2S2O3 have a similar effect in connection with basic oxide of 1.5% magnesium oxide (most effective one) and the best modifying agent is tartaric acid (3%), temperature of 35ºC. The best results obtained are 93.51% exhaustion, 93.71% fixation and 121ºC shrinkage temperature in aqueous medium. The present work was devoted to chang the primerycondtion of tanning process based on the modification of pelt to increase the high exhaustion of chrome tan which consequently, leads to lower the levels of unused chrome in the tanning effluent and minimized the deficit existing from the environmental point of view. The obtained results showed that, over 90% reduction of the chrome concentration in effluent and 80% reduction of the COD. The assessment was demonstrated that the modification process exhauste, and fixed of chrome tan, improve leather properties, reduced the environmental impact and at the same time saves energy and time than the traditional one.
Environmental Impact
Chrome Tan
Reducing agent
Chrome Exhaustion and Fixation
Shrinkage Temperature
Hydroxy carboxylic acid
Basifying agent
2019
03
01
415
428
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_17169_c35dd2a8068c5eec4bf2eff87ecab451.pdf
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
Rapid RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Some Antidiabetics; Metformin, Gliclazide and Glimepiride in Tablets.
Mahmoud M.
Sebaiy
Sobhy M.
El-Adl
Mohamed M.
Baraka
Amira A.
Hassan
An isocratic RP-HPLC method has been developed for rapid and simultaneous separation and estimation of three antidiabetics drugs, metformin, gliclazide and glimepiride in tablet dosage forms within 6 minutes. Separation was carried out on a Thermo Scientific® BDS Hypersil C8 column (5µm, 2.50 x 4.60 mm) using a mobile phase of MeOH : 0.025M KH2PO4 adjusted to pH 3.20 using ortho - phosphoric acid (70 : 30, v/v) at ambient temperature. The flow rate was 1 mL/min and UV detection was set at 235 nm. The retention time of metformin, gliclazide and glimepiride was noted to be 3.06, 4.33 and 6.00 minutes respectively, indicating a very short analysis time rather than other reported methods. Also, limits of detection were reported to be 0.05, 1.21 and 0.11 µg/mL for metformin, gliclazide and glimepiride, respectively, showing a high degree of the method sensitivity. The method was then validated according to ICH guidelines where it was found to be accurate, reproducible and robust. Finally, the method was compared statistically with reference methods indicating that there is no significant difference between them in respect of precision and accuracy.
RP-HPLC
Metformin
Gliclazide
Glimepiride
Tablets
2019
03
01
429
440
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_17430_7c5dc1ab77b53092018f88362aeb8cbf.pdf
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
Highly Sensitive Method for Analysis Anticholinesterase Drugs
Elmorsy
Khaled
Hassan
Hassan
Mona
Ahmed
R.O.
El-Attar
THE PRESENT study described a novel application of simple potentiometric biosensors for analysis of anti-cholinesterase (Alzheimer) drugs in vitro. The proposed method was based on inhibition of acetylcholineesterase enzyme (AChE) by Alzheimer drugs namely; donepezil (DOP) and galantamine (GAL) in addition to biperdien (BP) and ipratropium (IPBr). Based on the relative inhibition action of drug on AChE activity, different sensitivities were recorded ranging between 0 to 18.0 ng, 0 to 90.0 ng, 0 to 4.69 μg and 0 to 9.96 μg mL-1for the aforementioned drugs in the same order depending on the nature of drugs and their corresponding LD50 values. The proposed procedures were successfully applied for determination of drugs in pharmaceutical formulation and biological samples with sensitivity and accuracy comparable with the official method. The presented approach can be suggested for testing of pharmaceutical preparation toxicity against cholinesterase enzymes in vitro.
Alzheimer drug
Cholinesterase
Disposable biosensor
Pharmaceutical analysis
2019
03
01
441
449
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_15810_6c99bf675a3b0431efb7c88e35c32f09.pdf
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
Synthesis and Characterization of Ion Exchanger based on Waste Cotton for Dye Removal from Wastewater
A.I.
Waly
M.A.
Khedr
H.M.
Ali
B.Y.
Riad
I.M.
Ahmed
GLYCIDYL methacrylate (GMA) polymerization with waste cotton fabric by utilizing a co-initiator of ferrous cellulose thiocarbonate–hydrogen peroxide redox system was first studied under various conditions. These include the polymerization time, temperature, liquor ratio, pH and concentrations of the initiator and monomer. The product cellulose-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) graft copolymer (CPGMA) produced at best polymerization conditions was then functionalized with triethylammonium chloride (TEAC), aiming to obtain a low-cost adsorbent for dye removal from wastewater. Also, factors that affecting the amination reaction, which include; reaction time, temperature, liquor ratio, pH, and aminating agent/epoxy molar ratio were studied. The prepared amino-functionalized cellulose-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) graft copolymer (AM-CPGMA) was further characterized by the FT-IR, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and surface area measurement based on Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) theories. The dye adsorption capacity of the anion exchanger was also evaluated.
Cotton fibers
glycidyl methacrylate
graft copolymerization
aminization
2019
03
01
451
468
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_16188_5ef342f70bc7361816209c6407bf10dd.pdf
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
Preparation and Evaluation of Xylose Palmitate Ester Using Candida antarctica Lipase B as A Reusable Biocatalyst
Fatma
Loulou
Nacer
Rezgui
Bidjou-Haiour
Chahra
The activity and stability of lipase B from Candida antarctica were investigated in direct enzymatic esterification of D-xylose with palmitic acid using ethylmethylketone as reaction media. The xylose palmitate was obtained under the optimized conditions, 1:1 molar ratio of xylose:palmitic acid, at 250 rpm and 60°C. Effect of the use of Butanol to wash the immobilized lipase before the enzyme reuse was evaluated. The lipase could be successfully reused four times without loss of activity. Various physicochemical characteristics of 1-O-hexadecanoyl-D- xylopyranose were also studied.
Xylose
Lipase
reuse
activity
Surface active properties
2019
03
01
469
474
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_19204_4b4c68f3241c5ff88dd4dd476348083e.pdf
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
Modified Nanostructure MgO Superbasicity with CaO in Heterogeneous Transesterification of Sunflower Oil
Maimoonah
Qasim
Modified MgO superbasicity with CaO as nanostructure were prepared by hydration-dehydration method and used as heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel (FAME) via the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol. The synthesis of biodiesel was characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and attenuated total reflectance (ATR). The catalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG) and nitrogen gas adsorption (NA). The basicity of the prepared catalyst samples was also studied by back titration method. The optimal produced biodiesel was 97% at 25% molar ratio which carried out at atmospheric pressure, reaction time of 3 h, a reaction temperature of 65°C, a catalyst amount of 5 wt% and methanol:oil molar ratio of 9:1. The percentage conversion of biodiesel was determined by 1H-NMR. The modified nanostructure MgO with CaO showed tremendous potential in large-scale biodiesel from sunflower oil.
transesterification
Biodiesel
sunflower oil
nanostructure heterogeneous catalyst
calcium oxide
magnesium oxide
2019
03
01
475
485
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_19578_f8309a32d9aef1dec9edc4bcd333f357.pdf
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
An Improved Sensitive and Selective Non-enzymatic Glucose Biosensor Based on PEG Assisted CuO Nanocomposites
AbdulSalam
Mohamed Azharudeen
Thevaraj
Suriyakala
Muthuramalingam
Rajarajan
Ayyadurai
Suganthi
Determination of glucose is of enormous importance in the fields of biological, environmental and clinical analyses. In recent years, polymer modified metal oxides arrived a great consideration in the detection of glucose. In this study, we have developed a sensitive and selective non-enzymatic glucose sensor by using CuO NMO encapsulation with PEG (poly ethyleneglycol) nanocomposites. The loading content of PEG was incorporated with CuO by weight percentage (wt = 2, 4 & 6%). The fabricated CuO/PEG nanocomposites was utilized as a glucose sensor, it exhibit the tremendous electrocatalytic performances on oxidation of glucose. The electrocatalytic activity enhances with increasing the loading of PEG content. The sensor shows a low detection limit of 0.25 µM with a sensitivity of 113.8 µA mM-1 cm-2, good selectivity and stability. The CuO/PEG nanocomposites are hopeful for the advancement of cost-effective non-enzymatic glucose biosensors.
CuO
Mesoporous
PEG
glucose
Biosensor
2019
03
01
487
500
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_19579_95f06d890db0cd25c68339220b998588.pdf
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Study of Iron Corrosion Inhibition by Turmeric Roots Extract (TRE) in Hydrochloric Acid Solution
Kholod
Almzarzie
Ahmad
Falah
Ayman
Massri
Hassan
Kellawi
TURMERIC Root extract (TRE) was tested as corrosion inhibitor for iron in 0.5 M HCl, using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive X-rays (EDX) analysis. The inhibition efficiency raised as in time of immersion rises, but decreases with temperature rise. The Nyquist plots showed that, the charge transfer resistance (Rct) increase, and the double layer capacitance (Cdl) decreases with time of immersion increase. Tafel results exhibit that both corrosion current and with corrosion speed are reduced with time of immersion. All impedance spectra of EIS tests exhibit one capacitive loop which indicates that the corrosion reaction is controlled by charge transfer process. IE (%) increases with the concentration of the inhibitor reaching its maximum value, 88. 90%, at 8g/100ml. Thermodynamics parameters: Ea, ΔH*, ΔS* were estimated, and mechanism of corrosion and inhibition was discussed. The adsorption of (TRE) followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Key words: Iron
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
Turmeric Root extract (TRE)
double layer capacitance (Cdl)
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
2019
03
01
501
512
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_20330_bfb8b675efe4fd11ae93866ce117fc16.pdf
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
New Adsorbent from Red Beet Roots (CRBR) for Removal of Lead
Y. Walid
Al-Bizreh
Emtisal
Hamada
Malak
AL-Joubbeh
THE MAIN purpose of this work is to remove lead ions from aqueous solution by using carbon of red beet roots (CRBR). The influence of contact time, initial concentration, temperature, pH of solution and the dose of adsorbent were studied. It was found that the maximum removal percentage of Pb(II) has reached 99.99% at room temperature by applying the following conditions: adsorbent loading weight 0.1 g, contact time 24 hrs, and 9.993 m.mol/L concentration of lead ions. The adsorption process of Pb(II) on CRBR was of chemical nature and followed the kinetic formula of pseudo second –order reaction. Results of FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy made it possible to propose mechanism for the adsorption process. The recovery of the adsorbed Pb(II) ions on CRBR surface was done by using 1 N acetic acid solution resulting a recovery of 87.466%.
red beet roots
Removal of lead
Adsorption
2019
03
01
513
524
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_16237_bf6e1d65d15a772c5a82cec0d738abe6.pdf
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
Crystallographic and Magnetic Properties of Al3+co-doped NiZnFe2O4 Nano-particles Prepared by Sol-gel Process
Amany M.
El Nahrawy
Heba
Salah El-Deen
Aisha A.
Soliman
Wafaa M.M.
Mosa
Al2O3 SUBSTITUTED nickel zinc nano-ferrite Alx Ni0.5-x Zn0.5 Fe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) was prepared by the citrate sol-gel methodusing nickel, zinc, iron and aluminum nitratesand sintered at 800oC for 3 h in air. Prepared nano-sized ferrites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, High resolution transmission and scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. The estimated crystallite sizes were in the range of 24.7–32.9 nm. HR-TEM data appears that all nano-ferrite samples are composed of more or less agglomerated nanoparticles with the average particle size of nanocrystallites is ~31 nm. The impact of introducing Al ions by Ni on themagnetic properties of the prepared nano-ferrite was investigated utilizing magnetic measurements at room temperature. The changing of crystallite sizes, lattice parameter and the surface area with increasing the Al content were determined.The saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) values vary from 47.894-32.314 and 70.37-60.117 G; respectively.
Nano-crystalline ferrites
Nickel zinc ferrite
Sol-gel process
Spinel ferrite
Magnetic properties
2019
03
01
525
532
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_16875_067e8c5aa694b175c7365888a56543dc.pdf
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
Yield and chemical composition of essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. as affected by harvest time
Eman
Aziz
Elsaady
Badawy
Valtcho
Zheljazkov
Saad
Nicola
Hend
Fouad
Achillea millefolium is an important medicinal and aromatic plant and is grown commercially for production of essential oil in many countries including Egypt. The plant extract and essential oil possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic and antitumor properties. We hypothesized that the essential oil content and composition may be influenced by harvest time and environmental conditions. Thus, flowering heads yield and the essential oil content and quantitative composition were investigated during different harvest times in the Experimental Station of National Research Centre at Nubaria, Beheira Governorate, West of Nile Delta, Egypt under drip irrigation. Flowering heads yield and essential oil composition varied according to harvest time. The highest essential oil yield was observed at the second harvest on10 April and 5 May of the first and second seasons, respectively. The essential oils at the different harvest times were characterized by containing monoterpenes with high amounts of β-pinene (24.1–54.6%) and sabinene (3.1–7.4%). The most abundant sesquiterpenes were chamazulene (10.1–26.7%) followed by geramacrene-D (1.3–10.3%) and β-caryophyllene (0.9–6.4%). Plants harvested on 21 February provided essential oil with relatively high concentration of chamazulene and germacrene-D. Chamazulene and germacrene-D decreased gradually at the later harvests, while β-pinene and limonene reached the maximum concentration in plants harvested on15 May. These results indicate that flowering heads yield and essential oil content and composition can be influenced by harvest time and climatic conditions which can be useful to producers and processors of Achillea millefolium.
essential oil
Achillea millefolium
harvest time
sandy soil
2019
03
01
533
540
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_16877_6956c97400048e0e497fc5db70e80e75.pdf
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
Methylene Blue and Crystal Violet Dyes Removal (As A Binary System) from Aqueous Solution Using Local Soil Clay: Kinetics Study and Equilibrium Isotherms
Ahmed
Ibrahim
Gomaa
El Fawal
Magda
Akl
IN THIS PAPER, local soil clay as a low cost and affordable adsorbent was employed for the successful removal of methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) dyes from an aqueous binary system. The effect of various experimental conditions like adsorbate concentrations, time, temperature, and pH has been investigated. To know the adsorption performance of the dye molecules upon soil clay, the kinetics of the adsorption data were analyzed using various models such as pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order. This kind of study shows that the maximum adsorption reached at 2 min and uses the pseudo- second-order kinetics. The adsorption Kinetics have been investigated in the pH range of 2, 3.7, 7, and 8.7 at 25˚C and analyzed with two different models namely Langmuir and Freundlich. The interaction of dye molecules with soil clay has been investigated by SEM, EDS, FTIR, and XRD. Maximum removal of MB and CV up to 47.82 and 35.71 mg g-1, respectively was achieved by dye molecules adsorption onto soil clay. This effective removal method may provide a promising solution for eliminating of CV and MB dyes from wastewater.
Soil
methylene blue
Crystal Violet
Binary system
dye removal
Wastewater
2019
03
01
541
554
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_16873_cd108e9c997986dd531e62024dfd9590.pdf
Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
Egypt. J. Chem.
0449-2285
0449-2285
2019
62
3
Enhancement of Recycled WPC with Epoxy Nanocomposite Coats
Huda
Alnajjar
N.
Shaker
Hamdy
Naguib
Usama
Kandil
H.
Ahmed
Awatef
Farag
THE RECYCLED plastic and wood waste were recycled to produce new useful product, wood plastic composite (WPC), that having characteristics close to commercial wood. WPC was performed by compounding and forming different recycled polyethylene/wood flour (PE/WF) weight ratios as 70/30, 60/40, 50/50 and 40/60 using twin screw extruder. Based on the mechanical properties measured via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), an optimized ratio was found to be (50/50)and was chemically treated with chromic acid solution and investigated by FTIR that approved successful functionalization after treatment. The treated WPC was then coated with different epoxy nanocomposites including reactive rubber nanoparticles (RRNP), montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The coated WPC was fully tested using mechanical characterizations (modulus and scratch), water absorption (dist. and sea water), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that WPC coated with epoxy/CNT, epoxy/MMT and epoxy/RRNP has an enhanced final product with promising mechanical and physical properties compared to blank or uncoated WPC specimens. Also WPC coated with all epoxy nanocomposites has got enhanced modulus, more scratch resistance, lower water absorption and developed thermal stability, compared to the un-filled epoxy coat. Of those, the epoxy-CNT nanocomposite is an optimized protective coat for WPC even after immersion in water with different conditions.
coating
Nanocomposites
WPC
Modulus
2019
03
01
555
563
https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_17675_5149ed80ae7b3ca7872caa655f6a50ef.pdf